Exploring RFID frequency ranges: Understanding variations and applications

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a great way to track all kinds of data throughout a plant—from the location of a part in the facility to the operations that have been performed on a specific part. When choosing an RFID solution, there are three classifications to consider, and the positives and negatives of each may determine the best solution for each individual application. Low, high, and ultra-high frequencies are the terms we use to talk about the different ranges of frequencies given in hertz.

Low Frequency (LF)

LF RFID is typically in the range of 70 KHz- 455 KHz. It is immune to external interference in the direct surrounding area with a range of under 100mm – the shortest distance of the three frequencies. One common application is tracking tool life and usage inside tool cribs. especially where coolant and lubricant are in abundance. LF RFID is also seen at the entrance of facilities that will lock and unlock doors using RFID tags and for tracking livestock, such as cows with ear tags.

High frequency (HF)

HF RFID sits at 13.56 MHz and primarily serves for high-speed data tracking, along with handling high data volumes. It offers a greater range than LF RFID but is still not the furthest-reaching option. HF is a great tool when paired with numerous components that require tracking along conveyor systems or between robotics cells. The high speed allows for the reading and writing of data from embedded tags on products passing by the antenna. This increases the speed at which a tag can pass by and ensures accurate data transmission at a significantly faster rate compared to LF. For instance, in tracking engine blocks along an assembly line, by mounting an RFID HF tag and updating its data at each station, you can confirm the completion of the processes from each location sending out the product.

Ultra-high frequency (UHF)

UHF operates within the frequency range of 860 and 960 MHz, offering a reading distance of up to 12m, which varies depending on the size of the antenna. UHF operates using backscatter allowing it to recognize and read multiple tags simultaneously. UHF has the highest range of reading and writing to and from the data tags. However, it is also the most sensitive to its surrounding environment, necessitating an application feasibility study to ensure proper placement of the antenna and tags. Common applications for UHF include logistical tracking of on-site vehicles like forklifts between different company sectors, as well as inventory and pallet traceability.

RFID technology is essential for data tracking in industrial settings, offering insights into operations and inventory. Understanding frequency distinctions is key, as each range has unique advantages and limitations. Ultimately, choosing the right solution depends on factors like range, speed, and environmental conditions. By evaluating these, you can optimize processes and efficiency with RFID technology.